Multnomah Falls, a stunning natural wonder located in the heart of the Columbia River Gorge, is a testament to the awe-inspiring beauty and power of the Pacific Northwest's landscapes. This magnificent two-tiered waterfall, standing at an impressive 620 feet (189 meters), is the tallest in the state of Oregon and a true icon of the region. With its captivating cascades, lush surrounding forest, and rich history, Multnomah Falls attracts millions of visitors each year, offering a breathtaking display of nature's grandeur.
In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the geological origins, ecological significance, cultural heritage, and tourism aspects of Multnomah Falls. We will explore the formation of this natural wonder, the diverse flora and fauna that thrive in its vicinity, the legends and stories woven into its history, and the various ways in which visitors can experience its beauty. Join us on a journey through the past, present, and future of one of the Pacific Northwest's most cherished treasures.
Geological Formation and Hydrology
The Birth of Multnomah Falls
The story of Multnomah Falls begins millions of years ago, during the Miocene epoch when the Columbia River Basalt Group was formed by successive lava flows originating from fissures in eastern Oregon and Washington. These lava flows, some of which reached the Pacific Ocean, created the foundation for the Columbia River Gorge and the surrounding landscape.
Over time, the Columbia River carved its way through these basalt layers, creating the steep cliffs and exposed rock faces that characterize the gorge today. The formation of Multnomah Falls itself is a result of the interplay between the river's erosive power and the unique geological features of the area.
The falls are situated on the south side of the Columbia River Gorge, approximately 30 miles (48 kilometers) east of Portland, Oregon. The cliffs that host Multnomah Falls are composed of several distinct layers of basalt, each representing a different lava flow. The uppermost layer, known as the Pomona Flow, is estimated to be around 12 million years old and is characterized by its columnar jointing, which creates the iconic hexagonal patterns visible in the cliff face.
Water Source and Flow
Multnomah Falls is fed by underground springs that originate on Larch Mountain, a 4,055-foot (1,236-meter) peak located in the western Cascade Range. These springs are supplied by rainwater and snowmelt that percolate through the porous basalt layers of the mountain, eventually emerging at the top of the falls.
The water flow of Multnomah Falls varies seasonally, with the highest volume typically occurring in the late spring and early summer months when snowmelt from the surrounding mountains is at its peak. During this time, the falls can have a flow rate of up to 150 cubic feet per second (4.2 cubic meters per second). In the drier summer months and during periods of drought, the flow may diminish to as low as 10 cubic feet per second (0.28 cubic meters per second).
Despite these fluctuations in water volume, Multnomah Falls remains a year-round attraction, with its cascading waters and misty spray creating an enchanting atmosphere in every season.
The Two-Tiered Cascade
Multnomah Falls is known for its distinctive two-tiered structure, which adds to its visual appeal and grandeur. The upper fall, which is the taller of the two, plunges 542 feet (165 meters) from the top of the cliff into a pool below. The water then continues its descent in a second, smaller fall, dropping an additional 69 feet (21 meters) before reaching the base of the waterfall.
The two tiers of Multnomah Falls are separated by a natural stone bridge known as the Benson Bridge, named after Simon Benson, a prominent Oregon businessman and philanthropist who donated the land surrounding the falls to the city of Portland in 1915. The bridge, constructed in 1914, provides visitors with a stunning vantage point to view the falls and feel the mist from the cascading water.
Ecological Significance and Biodiversity
The Columbia River Gorge Ecosystem
Multnomah Falls is situated within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, a protected region that stretches for 85 miles (137 kilometers) along the Columbia River, forming the boundary between Oregon and Washington. This area is renowned for its diverse ecosystems, which include temperate rainforests, dry grasslands, and alpine meadows, all of which support a wide variety of plant and animal life.
The gorge's unique ecological characteristics are a result of its location and the influence of the Cascade Mountains. The mountains create a rain shadow effect, causing the western portion of the gorge to receive significantly more precipitation than the eastern portion. This variation in moisture levels, combined with the gorge's steep elevation gradients, has led to the development of distinct microclimates and habitats.
Flora of Multnomah Falls
The lush, temperate rainforest surrounding Multnomah Falls is home to a diverse array of plant species. The dominant tree species in the area include Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata). These towering evergreens provide a dense canopy that filters sunlight and creates a cool, moist environment on the forest floor.
Beneath the canopy, the understory is rich with shade-loving plants such as sword fern (Polystichum munitum), Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium), and salal (Gaultheria shallon). In the spring and summer months, the forest floor comes alive with a vibrant display of wildflowers, including trillium (Trillium ovatum), bleeding heart (Dicentra formosa), and lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina).
The moist, rocky cliffs surrounding Multnomah Falls also provide a unique habitat for a variety of moisture-loving plants, such as maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum) and licorice fern (Polypodium glycyrrhiza), which cling to the basalt rock faces.
Fauna of Multnomah Falls
The Columbia River Gorge, including the area around Multnomah Falls, supports a wide range of animal life. The dense forests provide habitat for mammals such as black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti), and black bears (Ursus americanus). Smaller mammals like the Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii) and Townsend's chipmunk (Tamias townsendii) are also common in the area.
The gorge is a significant migratory corridor for numerous bird species, and the forests around Multnomah Falls are home to a diverse array of resident and migratory birds. Some notable species include the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), and Pacific wren (Troglodytes pacificus).
The streams and waterways of the gorge, including Multnomah Creek, which is fed by the falls, support various fish species, such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). The moist, riparian habitats along these waterways are also home to amphibians like the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) and the northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora).
Cultural Heritage and Historical Significance
Native American Legends
Long before the arrival of European settlers, the Columbia River Gorge and its natural wonders, including Multnomah Falls, held great significance for the Native American tribes who inhabited the region. The falls feature prominently in the legends and stories of the Multnomah, Clackamas, and Wasco tribes, among others.
One popular legend tells the story of a young Native American woman who sacrificed herself to save her village from a devastating plague. According to the tale, the Great Spirit told the village chief that the only way to stop the plague was for a maiden to throw herself from the top of the falls. The chief's daughter, a beautiful and kind-hearted young woman, volunteered to make the sacrifice. As she plunged into the water below, the Great Spirit took pity on her and transformed her into a stone monument at the base of the falls, ensuring that her spirit would forever watch over and protect her people.
Another legend speaks of a great battle between two powerful spirits, Wyeast (Mount Hood) and Klickitat (Mount Adams), who fought for the love of a beautiful maiden named Loowit (Mount St. Helens). In their battle, they threw fire and stones at each other, scarring the landscape and creating the many natural wonders of the gorge, including Multnomah Falls.
These legends not only showcase the importance of Multnomah Falls to the Native American tribes but also serve as a reminder of the deep spiritual connections that these communities have with the natural world.
Early Exploration and Settler History
The first recorded European sighting of Multnomah Falls occurred in 1805 during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark noted the waterfall's presence in their journals as they navigated the Columbia River, but they did not specifically name or explore the falls.
In the mid-19th century, as American settlers began to move westward along the Oregon Trail, the Columbia River Gorge and its natural wonders became increasingly well-known. By the 1880s, the falls had become a popular tourist destination, with visitors arriving by steamboat and later by train to marvel at the stunning cascade.
The construction of the Historic Columbia River Highway in the early 20th century further increased access to Multnomah Falls and other scenic areas within the gorge. The highway, which was completed in 1922, was an engineering marvel of its time and is now recognized as a National Historic Landmark.
Simon Benson and the Benson Bridge
One of the most significant figures in the history of Multnomah Falls is Simon Benson, a Norwegian-born businessman and philanthropist who greatly contributed to the development and preservation of the area. In 1914, Benson funded the construction of the iconic Benson Bridge, which spans the lower tier of the falls and provides visitors with an up-close view of the cascading water.
Benson's involvement with Multnomah Falls extended beyond the construction of the bridge. In 1915, he donated 300 acres of land surrounding the falls to the City of Portland, with the stipulation that it be maintained as a public park. This generous act helped to protect the natural beauty of the area and ensure its accessibility for future generations.
Today, the Benson Bridge and the surrounding area stand as a testament to Simon Benson's commitment to preserving the natural wonders of the Columbia River Gorge and his lasting impact on the region.
Tourism and Recreation
Accessibility and Visitor Facilities
Multnomah Falls is one of the most accessible and visitor-friendly natural attractions in the Pacific Northwest. Located just a short distance from Interstate 84, the falls can be easily reached by car, with a large parking area available for visitors. The site is also accessible by public transportation, with the Columbia Gorge Express bus service providing regular trips from Portland to the falls.
At the base of the falls, visitors will find the historic Multnomah Falls Lodge, which was built in 1925 and now houses a restaurant, gift shop, and visitor center. The lodge's rustic architecture and stunning views of the falls make it a popular spot for dining and relaxation.
The visitor center, operated by the U.S. Forest Service, provides information about the falls, the surrounding area, and the various hiking trails that lead to different viewpoints and attractions. The center also offers educational displays and exhibits that highlight the geological, ecological, and cultural significance of Multnomah Falls and the Columbia River Gorge.
Hiking Trails and Viewpoints
One of the best ways to experience the beauty of Multnomah Falls is by hiking the trails that wind through the surrounding forest and offer stunning views of the cascade. The most popular and easily accessible trail is the Multnomah Falls Trail, a 1.2-mile (1.9-kilometer) out-and-back hike that takes visitors from the base of the falls to the top of the upper falls.
The trail begins at the Multnomah Falls Lodge and climbs steadily uphill, passing through dense forest and offering occasional glimpses of the falls through the trees. At the halfway point, hikers reach the Benson Bridge, which provides a breathtaking view of the upper falls and the pool below. From here, the trail continues to climb, becoming steeper and more challenging as it approaches the top of the falls.
At the top of the upper falls, hikers are rewarded with a panoramic view of the Columbia River Gorge and the surrounding landscape. The trail then connects with the Larch Mountain Trail, which continues uphill for another 6 miles (9.7 kilometers) to the summit of Larch Mountain, offering additional hiking opportunities for more adventurous visitors.
For those seeking a less strenuous experience, the Multnomah Falls Overlook Trail provides a short, paved path to a viewpoint that offers a stunning head-on view of the falls. This trail is wheelchair accessible and is an excellent option for visitors with limited mobility or time constraints.
Seasonal Variations and Best Times to Visit
Multnomah Falls is a year-round destination, with each season offering its unique charms and experiences. In the spring and early summer, the falls are at their most powerful, fueled by the melting snow and heavy rainfall of the preceding months. This is also the time when the surrounding forest is at its lushest, with vibrant green foliage and colorful wildflowers dotting the landscape.
In the summer months, the falls can become quite crowded, especially on weekends and holidays. However, the warm weather and long days make this an excellent time for hiking and exploring the surrounding area. Visitors should be prepared for high temperatures and bring plenty of water and sun protection.
Fall is a particularly stunning time to visit Multnomah Falls, as the changing leaves create a kaleidoscope of colors in the surrounding forest. The cooler temperatures and smaller crowds make this an ideal time for hiking and photography.
Winter brings a different kind of beauty to the falls, with the cascade often partially freezing and creating intricate ice formations along the cliffs. While the trails can become icy and treacherous, the falls are still accessible from the base, and the lodge provides a cozy respite from the cold.
Regardless of the season, visitors should be prepared for variable weather conditions and dress in layers. The mist from the falls can create a damp and cool microclimate, even on warm days, so a light jacket or rain gear is always a good idea.
Conservation and Management
Protecting the Fragile Ecosystem
Multnomah Falls and the surrounding Columbia River Gorge are home to a delicate and diverse ecosystem that requires careful stewardship and protection. The U.S. Forest Service, which manages the Multnomah Falls Recreation Area, works in partnership with other agencies and organizations to maintain the ecological integrity of the area while also providing opportunities for public enjoyment and education.
One of the primary challenges in managing the Multnomah Falls area is balancing the needs of the large number of visitors with the protection of the natural resources. The high volume of foot traffic on the trails and at the base of the falls can lead to soil erosion, vegetation damage, and disturbance of wildlife habitats. To mitigate these impacts, the Forest Service has implemented various strategies, such as installing protective fencing, designating official trails, and educating visitors about Leave No Trace principles.
Another significant concern is the potential for wildfires, which have become increasingly common and severe in the Columbia River Gorge in recent years. In 2017, the Eagle Creek Fire burned over 50,000 acres (20,000 hectares) of the gorge, including areas near Multnomah Falls. While the falls themselves were not directly impacted, the surrounding forest suffered significant damage, and the Benson Bridge was temporarily closed due to safety concerns.
In response to the growing threat of wildfires, the Forest Service has implemented a range of prevention and management strategies, including fuel reduction treatments, fire-resistant landscaping around the lodge and visitor center, and increased public education about fire safety and responsible recreation.
Collaborative Efforts and Partnerships
The successful conservation and management of Multnomah Falls and the Columbia River Gorge depend on the collaboration and cooperation of multiple agencies, organizations, and stakeholders. The U.S. Forest Service works closely with the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, the Friends of the Columbia Gorge, and other local and regional partners to coordinate efforts and share resources.
One notable example of this collaborative approach is the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, which was established in 1986 to protect and enhance the natural, cultural, and recreational resources of the gorge. The scenic area is managed by the U.S. Forest Service and the Columbia River Gorge Commission, a bi-state agency that includes representatives from Oregon and Washington.
The Friends of the Columbia Gorge, a non-profit conservation organization, also plays a critical role in advocating for the protection and stewardship of the gorge and its natural wonders. The organization works to promote responsible land use policies, educate the public about the importance of conservation, and support efforts to maintain and enhance the scenic, natural, and cultural values of the gorge.
Through these collaborative efforts and partnerships, the conservation and management of Multnomah Falls and the Columbia River Gorge can be more effective, efficient, and responsive to the changing needs and challenges of the region.
Conclusion
Multnomah Falls is a true natural wonder, a testament to the power and beauty of the Earth's geological and ecological processes. From its towering basalt cliffs and thundering cascades to its lush forests and diverse wildlife, the falls offer a glimpse into the majesty and complexity of the natural world.
But Multnomah Falls is more than just a stunning visual spectacle; it is also a place of deep cultural and historical significance, a site that has captured the imaginations and hearts of countless generations of Native Americans, settlers, and visitors. The legends and stories that surround the falls, as well as the tangible remnants of its human history, such as the Benson Bridge and the Multnomah Falls Lodge, serve as reminders of the enduring connections between people and place.
As we look to the future of Multnomah Falls and the Columbia River Gorge, it is clear that the challenges of balancing conservation and recreation, protecting against the impacts of climate change and wildfires, and preserving the natural and cultural heritage of the area will require ongoing collaboration, innovation, and commitment from all who value this incredible landscape.
By working together to steward and protect Multnomah Falls and its surrounding ecosystem, we can ensure that future generations will have the opportunity to experience the awe and wonder of this magnificent cascade, learn from its stories and lessons, and find inspiration in its timeless beauty.
In the end, Multnomah Falls is more than just a destination or an attraction; it is a symbol of the enduring power and resilience of nature, a reminder of the interconnectedness of all things, and an invitation to marvel at the world around us. May we always cherish and protect this extraordinary place, and may its waters continue to flow and its spirit continue to inspire for generations to come.
Fun Facts and Trivia
- Multnomah Falls is the tallest waterfall in Oregon and the second tallest year-round waterfall in the United States, after Yosemite Falls in California.
- The Benson Bridge, which spans the lower tier of the falls, is named after Simon Benson, a prominent Portland businessman and philanthropist who donated the land surrounding the falls to the City of Portland in 1915.
- In 1995, a 400-ton boulder fell from the cliffs above the falls, damaging the Benson Bridge and closing it for several months while repairs were made.
- The Multnomah Falls Lodge, which was built in 1925, is one of the few remaining examples of the rustic, "parkitecture" style that was popular in the early 20th century.
- In 2016, a group of local high school students successfully lobbied the Oregon State Legislature to designate Multnomah Falls as the official state waterfall of Oregon.
- The Multnomah Falls Trail, which leads from the base of the falls to the top of the upper falls, was originally built in the early 1900s and featured a series of wooden ladders and handrails that allowed visitors to climb the cliffs.
- The water that feeds Multnomah Falls originates from underground springs on Larch Mountain, which is located about 6 miles (9.7 kilometers) to the east of the falls.
- In 2014, Travel + Leisure magazine named Multnomah Falls one of the "Most Beautiful Waterfalls in the United States."
- According to Native American legend, Multnomah Falls was created as a wedding gift for a young princess who wanted a secret place to bathe.
- The Multnomah Falls Recreation Area is home to several species of rare and endemic plants, including the Howell's daisy and the Columbia Gorge daisy.
These fun facts and trivia tidbits offer a glimpse into the many fascinating stories, details, and accolades associated with Multnomah Falls, further highlighting its significance as a natural, cultural, and historical treasure of the Pacific Northwest.